INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

 Name: E.Laharika 

Roll no: 29

10 Marks questions:

1 )Define bone density, how is it measured? What are the causes, clinical features,diagnosis and management of osteoporosis? (1+2+2+2+3)

https://rishik37.blogspot.com/2021/08/gm-elog-case-7.html 

Bone density, or bone mineral density, is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue. 

Bone density measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis .

A bone density test is used to measure bone mineral content and density. It may be done using X-rays, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA), or a special CT scan 

It is painless and tests the risk of fracture due to osteoporosis. 

Osteoporosis is characterized by decrease in the amount of bone.

Causes: primary- postmenopausal women and older men                     Secondary- cancer,COPD,CKD,certain drugs,                                                    Endocrine diseases. 

Clinical features: usually asymptomatic

                               Back ache or spontaneous fractures may be seen.

Investigations: x rays showing osteopenia

                           ALP may be elevated

                           Serum vitamin D level

                           Thyroid function tests

Treatment:Vitamin D and calcium supplementation

                    Bisphosphonates

                     HRT

 2 )What is myxedema coma? Describe its clinical features , diagnosis and treatment of myxedema coma (2+2+2+4)

 http://mahithguduri63.blogspot.com/2021/09/myxedema-coma.html

Treatment: 

                  -   300 micrograms thyroxine iv

                  -    Hydrocortisone 100 mg iv

                  -     Electrolyte balance is maintained 

4 marks questions:

3 )What is the diagnostic approach of young onset hypertension and it’s treatment.

http://keerthykasa80.blogspot.com/2021/09/a-35-year-old-female-with-hypertensive.html

4 )How do you clinically localize the anatomical level of lesion in spinal cord diseases.

http://sowmya9.blogspot.com/2021/08/21-year-old-with.html

5 )Causes,diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Causes:  Emotion stress or following surgery, exercise, smoking and alcohol intoxication 

Rheumatic heart disease 

      Hypertension,Heart failure,Hyperthyroidism 

COPD, Pulmonary embolism.

 Diagnosis: ECG shows  varying RR intervals,                             P waves are absent

                    Echocardiogram , CBP,Thyroid                                  function test, Serum electrolytes and                        chest x rays are done.

Beta blockers, Antiarrhythmic drugs are given. 

6 )Describe about megaloblastic anemia.

Vitamin B 12 replacement should be done since malabsorption is the most common cause.

7) What are the causes, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of ascites.

http://saichennuru.blogspot.com/2021/09/45-year-old-male-patient-with-back-pain.html

Causes: cirrhosis with portal hypertension 

Cardiac failure, renal failure 

Pancreatitis,Hypoproteinemia

8) Approach to acute pancreatitis.

Treatment: iv fluid- ringer lactate solution        Nasogastric aspiration 

  Meperidine or tramadol

   Protom pump inhibitors

2 marks questions:

9) Mention the differences in findings between UMN and LMN lesion.

10) Indications of hemodialysis.

Resistant hyperkalemia                    urea>180mg/dl,creatinine>8 mg/dl

              Refractory fluid overload

11) Role of sucralfate in treatment of erosive gastritis?

https://aishwaryagannoji35.blogspot.com/2021/09/45-year-old-female-with-vomiting-since.html

12) Mention the renal manifestations of snake bite?

https://achalram1512.blogspot.com/2021/08/admission-65-year-old-male-from.html

         Mild proteinuria

 Haematuria

  Pigmentation

            Acute renal failure 

13) causes of portal hypertension

14) clinical features of Downs syndrome

http://mahithguduri63.blogspot.com/2021/09/downs-syndrome-with-autoimmune.html

15) post streptococcal glomerulonephritis complications.

16 )Causes of cervical myleopathy.

Compression of spinal cord in the neck 

   Rheumatoid arthritis of neck

spinal infections.